An Introduction to Agroforestry

Preface.- Section I.  Introduction.- 1. Historical developments: the coming of age of agroforestry.- References.- 2. Agroforestry: definition, concepts, and principles.- 2.1. Evolution of Definitions.- 2.2. Common Definitions.- 2.3. Concepts, Principles, and Attributes of Agroforestry.- 2.4. Other Agroforestry-Related Land-Use Systems.- References.- 3. Classification of agroforestry systems.- 3.1. Based on Structure of Systems (Arrangement of Components).- 3.2. Based on Function of Systems.- 3.3. Based on Ecological and Geographical Regions.- 3.4. Based on Socioeconomic Criteria.- 3.5. A Framework for Classification.- References.- Section II.  Agroforestry systems and practices.- 4. Agroforestry systems and practices: an overview.- 4.1. The Tropical Environment and Land Use Systems.- 4.2. Major Agroforestry Systems in the Tropics.- 4.4. The Temperate Environment and Land Use Systems.- 4.5. Major Agroforestry Systems in the Temperate Regions.- 4.6. Tropical vs. Temperate Agroforestry Systems.- 4.7. Geographical Distribution and Area under Agroforestry.- References.- 5. Shifting cultivation, taungya, and improved fallows.- 5.1. System Overview.- 5.2. Soil Management and Shifting Cultivation.- 5.3. The Evolution of Planted Fallows.- 5.4. Improved Tree Fallows.- References.- 6. Tropical homegardens.- 6.1. History and Evolution.- 6.2. Ecology and Structure.- 6.3. Major Tropical Homegarden Systems [Homegardens of Kerala (India), Indonesia, Polynesia, East Africa, Central America].- 6.4. Research on Homegarden Systems.- References.- 7.          Shaded perennial multistrata systems.- 7.1. Shaded Perennial Crops.- 7.2. Smallholder Systems with Coconuts: A Notable Example of Integrated Land-Use.- 7.3. Shaded Coffee Systems.- 7.4. Other Major Shaded Perennial Agroforestry Systems: with Tea, Cacao, Tree spices, etc.- 7.5. Multistory Spice- and Fruit Tree Gardens.- References.- 8. Tropical alley cropping and tree fallows.- 8.1. Trajectory of Evolution: From Shifting Cultivation to Alley Cropping.- 8.2. Three Decades of Experience with Tropical Alley Cropping.- References.- 9. Silvopastoral systems.- 9.1. System Overview.- 9.2. Fodder Trees and Tree Fodder in the Tropics.- 9.3. Extensive Grazing Systems in Arid and Semiarid Tropics.- 9.4. Silvopastoral Systems in North America.- 9.5. Silvopstoral Ssystems in Europe.- 9.6. Silvopastoral Systems in Latin America.- References.- 10. Agroforestry in the temperate zone.- 10.1. Agroforestry as an Integrated Land-Use Strategy in the Industrialized Regions.- 10.2. Major Agroforestry Practices in North America [Alley Cropping, Forest Farming, Riparian Buffers, Silvopasture, Windbreaks].- 10.3. Agroforestry Systems in Europe.- 10.4. Agroforestry Systems in the Mediterranean Region.- 10.2. Agroforestry Systems in Southern (Temperate) Latitudes.- 11. Other agroforestry systems and practices.- 11.1. Agroforestry for Firewood Production.- 11.2. Agroforestry for Soil Conservation.- 11.3. Agroforestry and Landscape Restoration.- 11.4. Cinderella (Little-known) Agroforestry Systems and Species.- 11.5. Other Agroforestry-related Land Use Systems.- References.- Section III.  Biophysical foundations of agroforestry: plant productivity.- 12. General principles of plant productivity.- 12.1. Photosynthesis.- 12.2. Plant Productivity.- 12.3. Manipulation of Photosynthesis in Agroforestry.- References.- 13. Agroforestry (plant) species.- 13.1. Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs (MPTs) in Agroforestry.- 13.2. Perennial Herbaceous Species in Agroforestry.- 13.2. Annual Herbaceous Species in Agroforestry Systems.- 13.3. Species Selection for Agroforestry.- References.- Appendix: Short Descriptions of Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs (MPTs) commonly used in Agroforestry Systems.- 14. Component (plant) interactions in agroforestry.- 14.1. Principles of Ecological Interactions in Mixed Plant Communities (Niche Complementarity, Resource Competition, Competitive Exclu